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Fossil Concepts
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<h2>1.0 Introduction</h2>
<p>
<a href="index.html">Fossil</a> is a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management">
software configuration management</a> system.
Fossil is software that is designed to control and track the
development of a software project and to record the history
of the project.
There are many such systems in use today.  Fossil strives to
distinguish itself from the others by being extremely simple
to setup and operate.</p>

<p>This document is intended as a quick introduction to the concepts
behind fossil.</p>

<h2>2.0 Composition Of A Project</h2>
<img src="concept1.gif" align="right" hspace="10">

<p>A software project normally consists of a "source tree".
A source tree is a hierarchy of files that are used to generate
the end product.  The source tree changes over time as the
software grows and expands and as features are added and bugs
are fixed.  A snapshot of the source tree at any point in time
is called a "version" or a "baseline" of the product.</p>

<p>A "repository" is a database that contains copies of all historical
versions or baselines for a project.  Baselines are normally stored in the
repository in a highly space-efficient compressed format (delta encoding).
But that is an implementation detail that you the user need not worry over.
Think of the repository as a safe place where all your old baselines are
securely stored away and available for retrieval whenever you need
them.</p>

<p>A repository in fossil is a single file on your disk.  This file
might be rather large (dozens or hundreds of megabytes for a large
or long running project) but it is nevertheless just a file.  You
can move it around, rename it, write it out to a memory stick, or
do anything else you normally do with files.</p>

<p>Each source tree that is controlled by fossil is associated with
a single repository on the local disk drive.  You can tie two or more
source trees to a single repository if you want (though one
tree per repository is the most common configuration.)  So a
single repository can be associated with many source trees, but
each source tree is associated with only one repository.</p>

<p>Fossil source tree may not overlap.  A fossil source tree is identified
by a file named "_FOSSIL_" in the root directory of the source tree.  Every
file that is a sibling of _FOSSIL_ and every file in every subfolder is
considered potentially a part of the source tree.  The _FOSSIL_ file
contains (among other things) the pathname of the repository with which
the source tree is associated.  On the other hand, the repository has
no record of its source trees.  So you are free to delete a source tree
or move it around without consequence.  But if you move or rename or
delete a repository, then any source trees associated with that repository
will no longer be able to locate their repository and will stop working.</p>

<p>When multiple developers are working on the same project, each
developer typically has his or her own local repository and an associated
source tree in which to work.  Developers share their work by
"syncing" the content of their local repositories either directly
or through a central server.  Changes can "push" from the local
repository into a remote repository.  Or changes can "pull" from a
remote repository into a local repository.  Or one can do a "sync"
which is a shortcut for doing both a push and a pull at the same time.
Fossil also has the concept of "cloning".  A "clone" is like a "pull",
except that instead of beginning with an existing local repository,
a clone begins with nothing and creates a new local repository that
is a replicate of a remote repository.</p>

<p>Communication between repositories is via HTTP.  Remote
repositories are identified by URL.  You can also point a webbrowser
at a repository and get human-readable status, history, and tracking
information about the project.</p>

<h3>2.1 Identification Of Artifacts</h3>

<p>A particular version of a particular file is called an "artifact".
Each artifact has a universally unique name which is the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA">SHA1</a> hash of the content
of that file expressed as 40 characters of lower-case hexadecimal.  Such
a hash is referred to as the Universally Unique Identifier or UUID
for the artifact.  The SHA1 algorithm is created with the purpose of
providing a highly forgery-resistent identifier for a file.  Given any
file it is simple to find the UUID for that file.  But given a
UUID it is computationally intractable to generate a file that will
generate that UUID.</p>


<p>UUIDs look something like this:</p>

<blockquote><b>
6089f0b563a9db0a6d90682fe47fd7161ff867c8<br>
59712614a1b3ccfd84078a37fa5b606e28434326<br>
19dbf73078be9779edd6a0156195e610f81c94f9<br>
b4104959a67175f02d6b415480be22a239f1f077<br>
997c9d6ae03ad114b2b57f04e9eeef17dcb82788
</b></blockquote>

<p>When referring to an artifact using fossil, you can use a unique
prefix of the UUID that is four characters or longer.  This saves
a lot of typing.  When displaying UUIDs, fossil will usually only
show the first 10 digits since that is normally enough to uniquely
identify a file.</p>

<p>Changing (or adding or removing) a single byte in a file results
in a completely different UUID.  And since the UUID is the name of
the artifact, making any change to a file results in a new artifact.
In this way, artifacts are immutable.</p>

<p>A repository is really just an unordered collection of
artifacts.  New artifacts can be added to the repository, but
existing artifacts can never be removed.  Fossil is designed in
such a way that it can be handed a set of artifacts in any
order and it can figure out the relationship between those
artifacts and reconstruct the complete development history of
a software project.</p>

<h3>2.2 Manifests</h3>

<p>At the root of a source tree is a special file called the
"manifest".  The manifest is a listing of all other files in
that source tree.  The manifest contains the (complete) UUID 
of the file and the name of the file as it appears on disk,
and thus serves as a mapping from UUID to disk name.  The UUID
of the manifest is the UUID that identifies a baseline.  When
you look at a "timeline" of changes in fossil, the UUID associated
with each check-in or commit is really just the UUID of the
manifest for that baseline.</p>

<p>Fossil automatically generates a manifest whenever you "commit" 
a new baseline.  So this is not something that you, the developer,
need to worry with.  The format of a manifest is intentionally
designed to be simple to parse, however, so that if
you want to read and interpret a manifest, either by hand or
with a script, that is easy to do.</p>

<p>In addition to identifying all files in the baseline, a
manifest also contains a check-in comment, the date and time
when the baseline was established, who created the baseline,
and links to other baselines from which the current baseline
is derived.  There is also a couple of checksums used to verify
the integrity of the baseline.  And the whole manifest might
be PGP clearsigned.</p>

<h3>2.3 Key concepts</h3>

<ul>
<li>A <b>baseline</b> or <b>version</b> is a set of files arranged
    in a hierarchy.</li>
<li>A <b>repository</b> keeps a record of historical baselines.</li>
<li>Repositories share their changes using <b>push</b>, <b>pull</b>,
    <b>sync</b>, and <b>clone</b>.</li>
<li>A particular version of a particular file is an <b>artifact</b>
    that is identified by a <b>UUID</b>.</li>
<li>Artifacts tracked by fossil are inherently immutable.</li>
<li>Fossil automatically generates a <b>manifest</b> file that identifies
    every artifact in a baseline.</li>
<li>The UUID of the manifest is the UUID of the baseline.</li>
</ul>

<h2>3.0 Fossil - The Program</h2>

<p>Fossil is software.  The implementation of fossil is in the form
of a single executable named "fossil".  To install fossil on your system,
all you have to do is obtain a copy of this one executable file (either
by downloading a precompiled version or compiling it yourself) and then
putting that file somewhere on your PATH.</p>

<p>Fossil is completely self-contained.  It is not necessary to
install any other software in order to use fossil.  You do <u>not</u> need
CVS, gzip, diff, rsync, Python, Perl, Tcl, Java, apache, PostgreSQL, MySQL,
SQLite, patch, or any similar software on your system in order to use
fossil effectively.  You will want to have some kind of text editor
for entering check-in comments.  Fossil will use whatever text editor
is identified by your VISUAL environment variable.  Fossil will also
use GPG to clearsign your manifests if you happen to have it installed,
but fossil will skip that step if you do not have GPG so it is not
essential.</p>

<p>To uninstall fossil, simply delete the executable.</p>

<p>To upgrade an older version of fossil to a newer version, just
replace the old executable with the new one.  You might need to 
run a one-time command to restructure your repositories after
an upgrade.  Check the instructions that come with the upgrade
for details.</p>

<p>To use fossil, simply type the name of executable in your
shell, followed by one of the various built-in commands and
arguments appropriate for that command.  For example:</p>

<blockquote><b>
fossil help
</b></blockquote>

<p>In the next section, when we say things like "use the <b>help</b>
command" we mean to use the command name "help" as the first
token after the name of the fossil executable, as shown above.</p>

<h2>4.0 Workflow</h2>

<img src="concept2.gif" align="right" hspace="10">
<ol>
<li><p>
Establish a local repository using either the <b>new</b> command
to start a new project, or the <b>clone</b> command to make a clone
of a repository for an existing project. 
</p></li>

<li><p>
Establish one or more source trees by changing your working directory
to where you want the root of the source tree to be, then issuing
the <b>open</b> command with the name of the repository file as its
argument.
</p></li>

<li><p>
Use the <b>update</b> command followed by a UUID to cause your
source tree to change to the baseline identified by that UUID.
The <b>timeline</b> or <b>leaves</b> commands might help you to
identify an appropriate baseline.
</p></li>

<li><p>
Edit the code.  Add new files to the source tree using the <b>add</b>
command.  Omit files from future baselines using the <b>rm</b> command.
(Even when you remove files from future baselines, those files continue
to exist in historical baselines.)  Test your changes.
</p></li>

<li><p>
Create a new baseline using the <b>commit</b> command.  You will be prompted
for a check-in comment and also for your GPG key if you have GPG installed.
The commit copies the edits you have made in your local source
tree into your local repository.
</p></li>

<li><p>
Share your changes with others using the <b>push</b> command. 
Push causes the edits you committed into your local repository to be
pushed out into other repositories.
</p></li>

<li><p>
When your coworkers make their own changes, you can pull those changes
into your local repository using the <b>pull</b> command.   Note that
the pull command only pulls the changes into your local repository,
not into your local source tree.
</p></li>

<li><p>
After the changes of others are in your local repository, you 
can move them into your local source tree using <b>update</b>.  If 
you have made parallel
changes, you can merge your changes together with your coworkers changes
by do an <b>update</b> to your latest baseline, then doing a
<b>merge</b> with your coworkers latest baseline.  After your
verify that the merged code is still functional, you can <b>commit</b>
a new baseline that contains both yours and your coworkers changes
and then push the new baseline back to your coworker.
</p></li>

<li><p>
Repeat all of the above until you have generated great software.
</p></li>
</ol>

<h2>5.0 Setting Up A Fossil Server</h2>

<p>With other configuration management software, setting up a server is
a lot of work and normally takes time, patience, and a lot of system
knowledge.  Fossil is designed to avoid this frustration.  Setting up
a server with fossil is ridiculously easy.  You have three options:</p>

<ol>
<li><p><b>Setting up a stand-alone server</b></p>

<p>From within your source tree just use the <b>server</b> command and
fossil will start listening for incoming requests on TCP port 8080.
You can point your webbrowser at <a href="http://localhost:8080/">
http://localhost:8080/</a> and begin exploring.  Or your coworkers
can do pushes or pulls against your server.  Use the <b>--port</b>
option to the server command to specify a different TCP port.  If
you do not have a local source tree, use the <b>-R</b> command-line
option to specify the repository file.</p>

<p>A stand-alone server is a great way to set of transient connections
between coworkers for doing quick pushes or pulls.  But you can also
set up a permanent stand-alone server if you prefer.  Just make
arrangements for fossil to be launched with appropriate arguments
after every reboot.</p>
</li>

<li><p><b>Setting up a CGI server</b></p>

<p>If you have a webserver running on your machine already, you can
set up fossil to be run from CGI.  Simply create an executable script
that looks something like this:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
#!/usr/local/bin/fossil
repository: /home/me/bigproject.fossil
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Edit this script to use whatever pathnames are appropriate for
your project.  Then point your webbrowser at the script and off you
go.</p></li>

<li><p><b>Setting up an inetd server</b></p>

<p>If you have inetd or xinetd running on your system, you can set
those services up to launch fossil to deal with inbound TCP/IP connections
on whatever port you want.  Set up inetd or xinetd to launch fossil
like this:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
/usr/local/bin/fossil http /home/me/bigproject.fossil
</pre></blockquote>

<p>As before, change the filenames to whatever is appropriate for
your system.  You can have fossil run as any user that has write
permission on the repository and on the directory that contains the
repository.  But it is safer to run fossil as root.  When fossil
sees that it is running as root, it automatically puts itself into
a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot">chroot jail</a> and
drops all privileges prior to reading any information from the client.
Since fossil is a stand-alone program, you do not need to put anything
in the chroot jail with fossil in order for it to do its job.</p>
</li>
</ol>
